1. John Newman,The Buildings of England: North East and East Kent, 3rd edn, Harmondsworth, 1983, 299.
2. See, for instance, H-W Kruft,A History of Architectural Theory from Vitruvius to the Present, New York and London, 1994, 109, ‘The hiving-off of military architecture, and the implicit disdain of it as a form of engineering, contributed to the virtual exclusion of this type of construction and its theory from the history and theory of architecture. As far as the history of art was concerned, it became a part of ‘military science’. This historical attitude is questionable because it overlooked the interdependence of fortification and town- planning, and ignored the aesthetic premises implicit in fortification. These interconnections have only recently become once again the focus of attention, and are now re-arousing attention in military architecture. Yet the separation of civil architecture and fortification was never a complete one; this is demonstrated by the treatises of Pietro Cataneo (1554 and 1567) and Vincenzo Scamozzi (1615). Despite the necessarily practical emphasis on fortification, aesthetic considerations were never completely abandoned, even where justified on functional grounds.’
3. The outline history of the 18th century and later fortifications at Dover is given in J G Coad and P N Lewis, ‘The later fortifications at Dover’,Post-Medieval Archaeology, XVI, 1982, 141–200. On particular buildings, see Paul Pattison, Adam Menuge and Andrew Williams,The Western Heights, Dover, Kent, Report No. 2: The Citadel, English Heritage Archaeological Investigation Series 5/2002 (revision of 2004); Paul Pattison and Andrew Williams,The Western Heights, Dover, Kent, Report No. 4: The Grand Shaft Barracks, 19th and 20th-Century Infantry Barracks, English Heritage Archaeological Investigation Series 25/2001 (revision of 2004), 4–7 and 9–16, which includes the detailed history of the Grand Shaft; and Paul Pattison, ‘Dover Citadel, 1779–1900’,English Heritage Historical Review, II, 2007, 133–47.
4. London, The National Archives (hereafter TNA), WO/55/778, Ford to Morse, 20 December 1803; Coad and Lewis,op. cit., 61.
5. Ford proposed three further towers in this report, with one in the Drop Redoubt and two at the western end. Ford was particularly interested in towers and he was pressing for coastal towers at this time, later to be called Martello towers (Sheila Sutcliffe,Martello Towers, Newton Abbot, 1972, 50–60).