1. Ammianus Marcellinus (2000 edition; c. 390-1) History. Translation J. C. Rolfe. Loeb Classical Library: Cambridge, Massachusetts and London.
2. Appian (1999 edition; c. AD 125) Roman History. Translation H. White. Loeb Classical Library: Cambridge, Massachusetts and London.
3. Ball, W. (2000), Rome in the East. The transformation of an empire. Routledge: London and New York.
4. Berchem, M. van in F. von Oppenheim (1909) Inschriften aus Syrien in Beitrage zur Assyriologie. VIE/I, 4-13.