1. The first version of this paper was presented at the conference ‘Dress in History: Studies and Approaches’, organized in July 1997 by the Gallery of Costume, Manchester City Art Galleries in partnership with Manchester Metropolitan University. I am grateful to the conference organizers for including my presentation and Professor Beverly Lemke for informing me of the event.
2. On this topic, see C. Poni, 'Norms and Disputes: The Shoemakers' Guild in Eighteenth-century Bologna', Past and Present, 123 (1989), pp. 8o-to8 (pp. 106-08)
3. and P. Lanaro, 'Guild Statutes in the Early Modern Age: Norms and Practices. Preliminary Results in the Veneto Area', in A. Guenzi , P. Massa , and F. Piola Caselli (eds), Guilds, Markets and Work Regulations in Italy, 6th-19th Centuries ( Aldershot , 1998 ), pp. 191 - 207 ( pp. 192-95 ).