1. See, for example, the papers delivered at the March 2010 symposium ‘Philanthropy and Public Culture: The Influence and Legacies of the Carnegie Corporation of New York in Australia’, held at the University of Melbourne, Australia [accessed 1 April 2011].
2. Derek Whitehead, ‘AM and PM: The Munn–Pitt Report in Context’, Australian Library Journal, 30 (February 1982), 4–10. On ‘AM and PM’ see also Norman Horrocks, ‘The Carnegie Corporation of New York and its Impact on Library Development in Australia: A Case-Study of Foundation Influence’ (doctoral dissertation, Graduate School of Library and Information Science, University of Pittsburgh, 1971), p. 6, and Harrison Bryan, in ‘The Development of Academic and Research Libraries in Australia’, in Designs for Diversity: Library Services for Higher Education and Research in Australia, ed. by Bryan and Gordon Greenwood (St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, 1977), p. 12.
3. My assessment of Bishop is derived mainly from his correspondence with Keppel over the course of a decade, drawn from many different files in the CCNY Corporation at Columbia University. For biographical background on Bishop, the most comprehensive source is C. Glenn Sparks, Doyen of Librarians: A Biography of William Warner Bishop (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1993). For a short but valuable discussion of Bishop’s career and connection with the CCNY, consult Neil A. Radford, The Carnegie Corporation and the Development of American Libraries, 1928–1941 (Chicago: American Library Association, 1984), pp. 13, 21–23.
4. For a compact summary of Keppel’s career, see the entry written by Ellen Condliffe Lagemann in American National Biography, ed. by John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Lagemann, The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philan-thropy, and Public Policy (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1989), pp. 100–03, offers a helpful précis of Keppel’s outlook and priorities at CCNY President, but see also Patricia Rosenfield, ‘Frederick P. Keppel: A Grantmaking Vision Unfolds’, Carnegie Reporter, 6 (Fall 2010), 33–38. Helpful background on Keppel and his vision for American library development may also be mined in Radford, pp. 8–9 and passim. For a more personal estimation of Keppel by his long-time assistant at CCNY, John Russell, ‘Frederick P. Keppel, Pioneer Foundation Executive’, Foundation News: Journal of Philanthropic Foundations (January–February 1971), 9–12, accessed in Columbia University Special Collections, CCNY Papers, series I-E, box 14. ‘He changed the rules of the game’, Russell observed. For an emphasis on the continuity between Keppel’s work at Columbia and his work as Carnegie Corporation President, see the editorial, ‘Frederick Keppel’, New York Times, 10 September 1943.
5. Radford, pp. 8–11. Helpful on Keppel’s thinking about the move from buildings to ‘books and book service’, is his contribution to a Festschrift for W. W. Bishop, typescript in CCNY Papers, series III-A, box 58. Lagemann, Politics of Knowledge, p. 9. It needs to be noted that Keppel’s views on gender, following the conventions of the day, were paternalistic. Keppel was not hostile to women’s advancement in the library profession or any other enterprise, but his outlook on gender issues was traditional rather than progressive.