p,pʹ-DDT induces apoptosis in human endometrial stromal cells via the PI3K/AKT pathway and oxidative stress

Abstract

Objective: Bis-[4-chlorophenyl]-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT), one of the most widely used synthetic pesticides, is an endocrine-disrupting chemical with the potential to interfere with the human reproductive system. The effects of DDT and one of its metabolites, <i>p,pʹ</i>-DDT, on human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) and health outcomes remain unknown. In this study, we investigated whether <i>p,pʹ</i>-DDT induces an imbalance in cell proliferation and apoptosis in human ESCs via oxidative stress.Methods: We assessed apoptosis in ESCs by quantifying the expression of markers associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Additionally, we measured levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activity, and estrogen receptors (ERs). We also examined changes in signaling involving nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. Results: Following treatment with 1,000 pg/mL of <i>p,pʹ</i>-DDT, we observed an increase in Bax expression, a decrease in Bcl-2 expression, and increases in the expression of caspases 3, 6, and 8. We also noted a rise in the generation of ROS and a reduction in glutathione peroxidase expression after treatment with <i>p,pʹ</i>-DDT. Additionally, <i>p,pʹ</i>-DDT treatment led to changes in ER expression and increases in the protein levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), phospho-protein kinase B (phospho-AKT), and phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (phospho-ERK).Conclusion: <i>p,pʹ</i>-DDT was found to induce apoptosis in human ESCs through oxidative stress and an ER-mediated pathway. The activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK pathways could represent potential mechanisms by which <i>p,pʹ</i>-DDT prompts apoptosis in human ESCs and may be linked to endometrial pathologies.