Recent Techniques in Dye Degradation: A Biological Approach

Abstract

Synthetic dyes are organic compounds that are mostly employed in the manufacturing industry. A huge number of dyes are unbound and released into the environment during the dying process. The discharge of dye/effluent with a high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) into the environment has several negative consequences for the area's flora and fauna. They are poisonous and mutagenic, and have other significant negative impacts on a variety of creatures, including unicellular and multicellular organisms. Besides the costly Physico-chemical treatment methods, biological approaches involving bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, and their enzymes have got a lot of attention in recent years for the decolorization and degradation of dyes contained in effluents due to their economic effectiveness and environmental friendliness. Microbial degradation appears to be the most promising of these technologies for resource recovery and sustainability. Microorganism and plant-derived enzymes' ability to decolorize and break down dyes has long been known, and they are shown to be the most effective molecular weapon for bioremediation. Several sophisticated approaches are currently being investigated for the effective decolorization of textile dyes as well as eco-toxic effluent, including genetic engineering, nanotechnology, mobilized cells or enzymes, biofilms, and microbial fuel cells, among others. These biological methods for decolorization and degradation of textile effluent are very successful and have various advantages over traditional procedures. Biological methods for removing toxic textile dyes are both environmentally friendly and cost-effective.