Cell Free DNA as an Evolving Liquid Biopsy Biomarker for Initial Diagnosis and Therapeutic Nursing in Cancer- An Evolving Aspect in Medical Biotechnology

Abstract

Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is present in numerous body fluids and generally blood cells. It is undoubtedly the utmost promising tool among all components of liquid biopsy. Liquid biopsy is a specialized method investigating the non-solid biological tissue by revealing circulating cells, cell-free DNA, etc., that enter the body fluids. Since cancer cells disengage from compact tumors circulating in peripheral blood, evaluating cancer patients' blood profile is essential for the molecular level analysis of various tumor-derived constituents. Cell-free DNA samples can deliver a significant diagnosis in oncology, for instance, tumor heterogeneity, rapid tumor development, response to therapy and treatment, comprising immunotherapy, and mechanisms of cancer metastasis. Malignant growth at any phase can cause the occurrence of tumor cells in addition to fragments of neoplasticity. Liquid biopsy indicates diverse blood-based biomarkers comprising circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or cfDNA, circulating RNA (cfRNA), and exosomes. Cell-free DNAs are little DNA fragments circulating in plasma or serum, just as other fluids present in our body. Cell-free DNA involves primarily double-stranded nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA, present both on a surface level and in the vesicles' lumen. The probable origins of the tumor-inferred portion of cfDNA are apoptosis or tumor necrosis, lysis of CTCs or DNA release from the tumor cells into circulation. The evolution of innovations, refinement, and improvement in therapeutics to determine the fragment size of cfDNA and its distribution provide essential information related to pathological conditions of the cell, thus emerging as a promising indicator for clinical output in medical biotechnology.