Myristic Acid Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Enhance the Oral Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy of Rifaximin against MRSA Pneumonia

Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia is one of the leading causes of death and an immense financial burden on healthcare systems. Rifaximin (RFX) has good antibacterial activity against MRSA, but its clinical application is limited due to its poor oral absorption. Solid lipid nanoparticles have good biocompatibility, high drug loading, sustained release performance, and the inertia of lipids in gastric acid, which facilitates oral drug delivery. Objective: In order to improve the oral bioavailability of rifaximin and expand the clinical application of RFX for MRSA pneumonia, this study developed RFX-loaded myristic acid solid lipid nanoparticles (RFX-SLNs). Methods: This study first prepared RFX-SLNs through hot melt emulsification and ultrasonic methods and selected the optimal formula of RFX-SLNs through single-factor screening. Afterward, the particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI) of the RFX-SLNs were measured, the morphology of RFX-SLNs was observed by transmission electron microscopy, and the encapsulation efficiency (EE) and drug loading capacity (LC) of RFX-SLNs were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. Then, the sustained release ability and oral bioavailability of RFX-SLNs were studied through in vitro release and pharmacokinetics. Finally, the therapeutic effect of RFX-SLNs on MRSA pneumonia infection was studied by using a mouse MRSA pneumonia infection model. Results: The optimal formulation of RFX-SLNs was 1% RFX with water (3% PVA) and oil (myristic acid) ratio of 1:19. RFX-SLNs were spherical in shape with a smooth surface and uniform size. The EE and LC of three different batches of RFX-SLNs were 89.35±2.47%, 90.45±3.69%, 88.72±1.18%, and 9.50 ± 0.01%, 10.09±0.01%, and 9.68±0.00%, respectively. In vitro release and pharmacokinetic studies showed that the myristic acid solid lipid nanoparticles showed excellent sustained release as expected and increased the oral bioavailability of RFX by 2.18 times. This indicates that RFX-SLNs can be used for the oral treatment of bacterial infections. Compared to RFX, RFX-SLNs showed good therapeutic effects in a mouse MRSA pneumonia infection model Conclusion: This study indicates that the myristic acid solid lipid nanoparticles might be an effective way to enhance the oral absorption and therapy effects of RFX and other insoluble drugs. This not only opens up avenues for the clinical application of RFX but also provides a way for the development of new dosage forms of water-soluble drugs and the expansion of their clinical application scope.