Tremor and Rigidity in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Emphasis on Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors

Abstract

: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prominent neurodegenerative movement disorder after Alzheimer’s disease, involving 2-3% of the population aged above 65 years. This is mainly triggered by the depletion of dopaminergic neurons located in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the region of basal ganglia. At present, diagnosis for symptoms of PD is clinical, contextual, unspecified and therapeutically incomprehensive. Analysis of various causes of PD is essential for an accurate examination of the disease. Among the different causes, tremors, and rigidity unresponsive to the current treatment approach contributing to mortality. In the present review article, we described various key factors of pathogenesis and physiology associated with tremors and rigidity necessary for the treatment of PI (postural instability) in patients with PD. Additionally, several reports showing early tremor and rigidity causes, particularly age, cortex lesions, basal ganglia lesions, genetic abnormalities, weakened reflexes, nutrition, fear of fall, and altered biomechanics, are explored. By summarizing the factors that contribute, we intend to help prospective study activities that comprise histopathological studies to assess rigidity and tremor in PD. With a clear understanding of the contributing factors, various prospective studies can be done to access the incidence of rigidity and tremors.