Update on Oxytocin, Phosphodiesterase, Neurokinin, Glycine as a Therapeutic Approach in the Treatment of Schizophrenia

Abstract

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by disrupted thoughts, perception, mood, and behavior. It has a heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological background and affects about 0.5–1% of the adult population worldwide. Herein, we review the current approaches and advances in schizophrenia. The potential therapeutic compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia act on the oxytocin receptor, phosphodiesterase system, neurokinin receptor, and glycine transport 1 receptor. Therefore, this article provides an update on the pharmacology of different receptors in addition to the dopaminergic system. These findings would guide the readers on novel targets for schizophrenia with the potential to be therapeutic agents in the future. Objective: To provide the researchers an update into the emerging role of oxytocin, phosphodiesterase, neurokinin, glycine which can be explored as potential pharmacotherapeutic targets in the treatment of schizophrenia. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Science Direct, and NCBI with the following keywords: schizophrenia, novel receptors, oxytocin, phosphodiesterase, neurokinin, and glycine. Furthermore, in order to provide insights to newer drug treatments in Schizophrenia, Furthermore, Clinicaltrials.gov website was searched for newer receptor-based drugs. Results: Current literature supported with preclinical and clinical provides substantial evidence that oxytocin, phosphodiesterase, neurokinin, and glycine play a crucial role in Schizophrenia. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that though multiple antipsychotic drugs are prescribed to treat schizophrenia, novel approaches and/or mechanisms are plausible. Moreover, sensitive and specific diagnostic tools and safe and effective interventions, including novel therapeutic agents, are required to yield substantially improved future outcomes.