New Psychometric Strategies for the Evaluation of Affective, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Functioning in Unipolar versus Bipolar Depression: Impact of Drug Treatment

Abstract

Background: Different studies have been conducted to understand how patients with unipolar and bipolar depression differ in terms of cognitive and affective symptoms as well as in psychosocial function. Furthermore, the impact of antidepressants, second-generation antipsychotics, and mood stabilizers on these dimensions needs to be characterized, as well as the best psychometric approach to measure changes after pharmacological treatment. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the impact of psychotropic drugs on cognitive, affective, and psychosocial functioning in MDD and BD patients; to test the sensitivity of psychometric tools for measuring those changes; also, to understand how psychosocial abilities are associated with affective and cognitive dimensions in patients with MDD and BD. Methods: A total of 22 patients with MDD and 21 patients with BD in the depressive phase were recruited. Several psychometric tests were administered to assess affective, cognitive, and psychosocial symptoms before and after 12 weeks of drug treatment (T0 and T1) with different psychotropic drugs including second-generation antidepressants, second-generation antipsychotics and mood stabilizers (lamotrigine). Results: MDD patients showed significant improvement in MoCA, Delayed Recall of Rey’s 15 Words and HDRS, while a significant worsening was detected on Digit Span Backwards and on FAST scores. Instead, patients with BD showed significant improvements in the MoCA as the MDD patients, but only a trend of improvement (non-statistically significant) on the BDI-II. A positive correlation was detected in both groups between FAST and HDRS and BDI-II scores, especially in BD patients. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that drug treatment with psychotropic drugs can improve cognitive and affective symptoms, but not all psychometric tools may be equally sensitive to detect those changes in MDD vs. BD patients. Moreover, we found that affective and cognitive dimensions can be considered as different psychopathological dimensions both in unipolar and bipolar depression.