Affiliation:
1. Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
Abstract
Abstract:
Enzymes are highly specific and highly sensitive biocatalyst proteins that play
important roles in various life processes. As they are proteins, thus, they are composed of
amino acids joined together to form chains. These amino acids are linked by peptide
bonds that form between the amino-terminal and carboxylic end. There is the multifaceted
application of enzymes in various sectors that include food, textile, paints, pharmaceuticals,
leather, oil industries, etc. There is a wide range of sources available for the extraction
of enzymes. The commercially important enzymes are generally harvested from
microbial sources. Some enzymes are produced extracellularly while some enzymes are
produced intracellularly. The production of this bioactive compound could be enhanced
by applying suitable optimization techniques, genetic engineering tools, and other modern
techniques. One of the major challenges in the commercial production of enzymes is
their extraction in pure form without losing their properties. Extraction of enzymes starts
from upstream processing that mainly includes two types of fermentation; one is submerged
fermentation and another one is solid-state fermentation. After upstream processing,
downstream processing is followed which includes cell disruption, filtration,
sedimentation and centrifugation, flocculation and coagulation, and chromatography.
Then, enzyme purification strategies are followed (salting-out method, dialysis, gel filtration,
ion-exchange chromatography, gel electrophoresis. The purpose of down streaming
is to purify and concentrate the enzyme from the complex bulk matrix. A significant
amount of total production cost is contributed by downstream processing. The review
discusses the industrial importance of enzymes and their downstream processing techniques
economically and sustainably.
Funder
Integral University Lucknow, India
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Subject
General Chemical Engineering