Impact of physicochemical parameters on effective extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources: An overview

Abstract

Background: Bioactive compounds obtained from natural sources like plants, algae, mushrooms and marine have become of utmost importance in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Many of the bioactive compounds were showing various health beneficial effects, such as antioxidants, antidiabetics, antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Extraction of these bioactive compounds from natural sources is a challenging task, because very low concentration present inside the cell. Methods: The complete cropping of bioactive compounds from natural sources depends on several physicochemical parameters such as solvent, solvent concentration, temperature, pressure, time, etc., and that are playing a crucial role in determining the efficiency of extraction. Moreover, these parameters are intrinsically not related to each other, while combined together will alter not only the extraction efficiency but also reduce the cost of the process as well. Thus, the physicochemical parameters need to be appropriately optimized in order to enhance the efficiency of extraction to improve biological properties of isolated compounds. Results: The article presents a comprehensive review of various extraction techniques and their mechanism and principle involved. Also the review highlights the impact of various physicochemical parameters on effective extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources to meet the standards of industrial requirements. Conclusion: Many of the experiments have been discussed at the laboratory-scale level, thus recommendations for scaling up the extraction process are made to examine the performance of small scale to large scale industry level operations.