Flavonoids by Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction from Herbal Formulation of Zingiber officinale, Portulaca oleracea, and Tamarindus indica Improved Type 2 Diabetes in C57BL6/J Mice

Abstract

Background: Diabetes is a problem of public health, in consequence, the increasing prevalence of both diseases needs more functional food products with efficiency and low cost to support treatment. Methods: Flavonoids from the herbal formulation of Portulaca oleracea, Zingiber officinale, and Tamarindus indica were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction technology, where several experiments were conducted to determine the implication of three independent variables on the higher production of flavonoids. Extraction time, ethanol concentration, and the liquid-solid ratio were determined as optimal conditions. Furthermore, flavonoids of interest in the extract were determined by using HPLC with UV/vis and mass spectrum and direct comparison reference compounds. Then was determined and compared the effect of extracts from P. oleracea (P), Z. officinale (Z), T. indica (T), and its combination (PTZ) on high-fat-diet-induced diabetic C57BL6/J mice. Results: The optimum conditions provided by the model include an extraction time of 30 min, an ethanol concentration of 50%, and a liquid/solid ratio of 40:1 mL/g, The antidiabetic effect of an extract rich in polyphenolic compounds was evaluated using streptozotocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet-induced diabetic mouse. Effect of extracts on high-fat-diet-induced diabetic mice including decreased FER, improved insulin sensitivity, fasting blood glucose, and serum lipid, and shown reducing body weight gain associated with a reduction of food intake. Extracts have protective effects on kidneys and liver improve lipolysis and successively decrease adipose tissue. Treatment with the polyherbal mixture has shown no toxic effects, possesses potent antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic effects, and decreased glycated hemoglobin. The serum insulin level was significantly increased (p < 0.05) on the polyherbal extract treatment, supporting the evidence of β-cell re-establishment in the pancreas. reduce body weight and food intake, plasma adiponectin level increased while serum leptin level was significantly reduced compared with the HFD group. In addition, the activities of key enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation markers, and glycogen content were also improved in diabetic mice. Conclusion: The combined form of P. oleracea, Z. officinale, and T. indica had better anti-diabetic properties compared to a single therapy, especially which could be related to their high content of phytochemicals in comparison with the bioactive content of a single plant. The results presented here indicated that the use of PTZ due to their synergistic effects can be useful against diabetes improving the factors associated with this disease.