Affiliation:
1. Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali- 844102, Bihar, India
2. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Vaishali- 844102, Bihar
3. Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and
Research, Hajipur, Vaishali- 844102, Bihar
Abstract
Abstract:
Despite little progress in survival rates with regular therapies, which do not provide complete
care for curing pediatric brain tumors (PBTs), there is an urgent need for novel strategies to
overcome the toxic effects of conventional therapies to treat PBTs. The co-inhibitory immune checkpoint
molecules, e.g., CTLA-4, PD-1/PD-L1, etc., and epigenetic alterations in histone variants, e.g.,
H3K27me3 that help in immune evasion at tumor microenvironment have not gained much attention
in PBTs treatment. However, key epigenetic mechanistic alterations, such as acetylation, methylation,
phosphorylation, sumoylation, poly (ADP)-ribosylation, and ubiquitination in histone protein, are
greatly acknowledged. The crucial checkpoints in pediatric brain tumors are cytotoxic T lymphocyte
antigen-4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1),
OX-2 membrane glycoprotein (CD200), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). This review
covers the state of knowledge on the role of multiple co-inhibitory immunological checkpoint proteins
and histone epigenetic alterations in different cancers. We further discuss the processes behind these
checkpoints, cell signalling, the current scenario of clinical and preclinical research and potential futuristic
opportunities for immunotherapies in the treatment of pediatric brain tumors. Conclusively,
this article further discusses the possibilities of these interventions to be used for better therapy
options.
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Subject
Pharmacology (medical),Psychiatry and Mental health,Neurology (clinical),Neurology,Pharmacology,General Medicine