Crosstalk between Microglia and Neurons in Neurotrauma: An Overview of the Underlying Mechanisms

Author:

Haidar Muhammad Ali1,Ibeh Stanley1,Shakkour Zaynab1,Reslan Mohammad Amine1,Nwaiwu Judith1,Moqidem Yomna Adel2,Sader Georgio3,Nickles Rachel G.4,Babale Ismail5,Jaffa Aneese A.6,Salama Mohamed7,Shaito Abdullah8,Kobeissy Firas1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

2. Biotechnology program, School of Science and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Egypt

3. Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Lebanon

4. Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States

5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

6. Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon

7. Institute of Global Health and Human Ecology (I-GHHE), The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt

8. Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

Abstract

: Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play a crucial role in housekeeping and maintaining homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. Upon injury or disease, microglial cells become activated, at least partly, via signals initiated by injured neurons. Activated microglia, thereby, contribute to both neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. However, sustained microglial activation initiates a chronic neuroinflammatory response which can disturb neuronal health and disrupt communications between neurons and microglia. Thus, microglia-neuron crosstalk is critical in a healthy brain as well as during states of injury or disease. As most studies focus on how neurons and microglia act in isolation during neurotrauma, there is a need to understand the interplay between these cells in brain pathophysiology. This review highlights how neurons and microglia reciprocally communicate under physiological conditions and during brain injury and disease. Furthermore, the modes of microglia-neuron communication are exposed, focusing on cell-contact dependent signaling and communication by the secretion of soluble factors like cytokines and growth factors. In addition, how microglia-neuron interactions could exert either beneficial neurotrophic effects or pathologic proinflammatory responses are discussed. We further explore how aberrations in microglia-neuron crosstalk may be involved in central nervous system (CNS) anomalies, namely: traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurodegeneration, and ischemic stroke. A clear understanding of how the microglia-neuron crosstalk contributes to the pathogenesis of brain pathologies may offer novel therapeutic avenues of brain trauma treatment.

Publisher

Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Subject

Pharmacology (medical),Psychiatry and Mental health,Clinical Neurology,Neurology,Pharmacology,General Medicine

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