A Review on Garlic as a Supplement for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Mechanistic Insight into its Direct and Indirect Effects

Author:

Ghazimoradi Mohammad Mahdi12,Pour Mozhgan Ghobadi3,Ghoushi Ehsan4,Ahmadabadi Hadise Karimi5,Rafieian-Kopaei Mahmoud6

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

2. Interdisciplinary Neuro-Brain Research and Education Network (INBREN), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

3. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

4. School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

5. Department of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

6. Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

Abstract

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most complicated neurodegenerative diseases causing dementia in human beings. Aside from that, the incidence of AD is increasing and its treatment is very complicated. There are several known hypotheses regarding the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, including the amyloid beta hypothesis, tau hypothesis, inflammation hypothesis, and cholinergic hypothesis, which are investigated in different researches to completely elucidate the pathology of AD. Besides, some new mechanisms, such as immune, endocrine, and vagus pathways, as well as bacteria metabolite secretions, are being explained as other causes to be somehow related to AD pathogenesis. There is still no definite treatment for Alzheimer’s disease that can completely cure and eradicate AD. Garlic (Allium sativum) is a traditional herb used as a spice in different cultures, and due to the organosulfur compounds, like allicin, it possesses highly anti-oxidant properties; the benefits of garlic in cardiovascular diseases, like hypertension and atherosclerosis, have been examined and reviewed, although its beneficiary effects in neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, are not completely understood. In this review, we discuss the effects of garlic based on its components, such as allicin and S-allyl cysteine, on Alzheimer’s disease and the mechanisms of garlic components that can be beneficiary for AD patients, including its effects on amyloid beta, oxidative stress, tau protein, gene expression, and cholinesterase enzymes. Based on the literature review, garlic has been revealed to have beneficiary effects on Alzheimer’s disease, especially in animal studies; however, more studies should be done on humans to find the exact mechanisms of garlic’s effects on AD patients.

Publisher

Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.

Subject

Drug Discovery,Pharmacology

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