Affiliation:
1. Department of Food and Agricultural Product Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah
Mada, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Abstract
Background:
α-tocopherol and tocotrienol are known for their antioxidant properties
and cannot be produced directly in the human body. However, their use remains limited because
of their low solubility, instability, and susceptibility to oxidation and high temperatures.
Objective:
This study aims to identify the optimal formulation of a carrier of phytonutrient α-
tocopherol/tocotrienol prepared via ultrasonication with rice bran oil (RBO), palm kernel stearin
(PKS), and Tween 80 and determine the characteristics of the optimal formulation during
storage.
Methods:
The box-behnken design (three factors and levels) was used to determine the formulation
of a nanostructured lipid carrier -tocopherol/tocotrienol (NLC-TT) based on the solid:
liquid lipid ratio, total lipid: surfactant ratio, and sonication time.
Results:
The optimal NLC-TT formulation prepared with a solid: liquid lipid ratio of 7.5:2.5,
total lipid: surfactant ratio of 1:3.9, and sonication time of 12 min and 6 s yielded a particle size
of 126.7 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.339, a zeta potential of -31.7 and an encapsulation efficiency
(EE) of 96.4%. During storage, NLC-TT and NLC-free particles exhibited particle sizes
of 123.6-144.2 nm, polydispersity indices of 0.245-0.339, zeta potentials of -31.7--39.6 mV,
EEs of 96.4%-89.6%, stabilities of 2.02-1.63, peroxide values of 0.05-0.25 mEqO2/kg, anisidine
values of 0.07-1.60 and free fatty acid contents of 0.04%-0.08%.
Conclusion:
RBO and PKS are potential lipid-based carrier systems for tocopherol/ tocotrienol
and exhibit good stability during storage.
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.