Molecular and Epigenetic Basis of Extracellular Vesicles Cell Repair Phenotypes in Targeted Organ-specific Regeneration

Abstract

: Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which released by most of the cells, constitute a new system of cell-cell communication by transporting DNA, RNA and proteins, in various vesiclesnamely exosomes, apoptotic bodies, protein complexes, high-density lipid (HDL) microvesicles, among others.To ensure accurate regulation of somatic stem cell activity, EVs function as an independent metabolic unit mediating the metabolic homeostasis and pathophysiological of several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases,immune diseases andcancer. Whist examining the EV biomolecules cargos and its microenvironments that lead to epigenetic alteration of the cell in tissue regeneration, studies have gainedfurther insights into the biogenesis of EVs and their potential roles in cell biology and pathogenicity. Due to its small size, non-virulence, flexibility and ability to cross biological barriers, EVs become promising therapeutic potentials in various diseases.In this review, we describe EV’s mechanism of action in intercellular communication and transfer of biological informationas well as some details about EV-induced epigenetic changes in recipient cells that causephenotypic alteration during tissue regeneration. We also highlight some of the therapeuticpotentials of EVs in organ-specific regeneration.