Obesity Phenotypes and Dental Calculus in Young Adults: CHIEF Oral Health Study

Abstract

Aim: The study aimed to examine the association of obesity phenotypes with dental calculus. Background: Obesity has been recognized as a risk factor for kidney and gallbladder stones formation and periodontitis. Objective: We have investigated the association between obesity, metabolic risk factors, and dental calculus, which is a sequela following periodontitis Methods: This study included 5,281 military members, aged 19–45 years, without anti-hypertensive medications in Taiwan. Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥27.5 kg/m2, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the modified ATP III criteria. Supra-gingival calculus in any teeth, except for impacted teeth and the third molar, was the outcome of interest. Multiple linear regression analysis with adjustments for age, sex, toxic substance use, brushing teeth frequency, and blood leukocyte counts, was used to determine the association of obesity with dental calculus numbers. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between obesity with or without MetS and the presence of any dental calculus. Results: BMI was positively correlated to dental calculus numbers [β and confidence intervals (CI) = 0.023 (0.014, 0.032)]. Compared to the obesity(-)/MetS(-) group, there were dose-dependent associations for the obesity(-)/MetS(+), obesity(+)/MetS(-), and obesity(+)/MetS(+) groups with the presence of any dental calculus [odds ratios (ORs): 1.08 (0.76, 1.53), 1.31 (1.08, 1.58), and 1.51 (1.20, 1.90), respectively]. Of the metabolic risk factors, abdominal obesity and hypertension were independently associated with dental calculus [ORs: 1.33 (1.13, 1.55) and 1.30 (1.11, 1.52), respectively]. Conclusion: This study suggests general obesity as an independent risk factor for dental calculus formation, and MetS, particularly the components of abdominal obesity, and hypertension may also increase the prevalence of dental calculus. Diet control and regular exercise might be preventive measures for the development of both obesity and dental calculus.