Superoxide Dismutase Inhibitors against Malaria, Leishmaniasis, and Chagas Disease: Systematic Review

Abstract

Introduction: Diseases caused by protozoa are one of the leading causes of death world-wide, especially in tropical regions such as Brazil. Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and malaria are responsible for around 234 million cases and more than 400,000 deaths worldwide. Despite this scenario, drugs for these diseases have several limitations, which justifies the search for new treat-ments. Iron superoxide dismutase is a promising target for the drug design to treat patients with these diseases. It is a validated target and protects against oxidative stress. Aim: Thus, this systematic review aimed to synthesize evidence on the importance of superoxide dismutase in the drug design to treat patients with this protozoosis. Method: A search was performed for in vitro and in vivo studies, without publication and language restrictions, in MEDLINE (PubMed), LILACS (BVS), Science Direct, and EMBASE (Elsevier). Studies that pointed to the relationship between the reduction or increase in superoxide dismutase activity and the diseases were included. 23 studies were selected for the qualitative synthesis. Result: The results showed that the inhibition or reduction of the enzyme activity decreases the de-gree of infection and reinfection and improves the results in treating these diseases. In contrast, the increase in activity caused a high degree of survival and resistance of the parasites. Conclusion: However, the overall quality of evidence is low and more studies with methodological rigor are provided.