Investigating the Inhibitory Effects of Hydatid Cyst Fluid and its Antigens on Cancer Progression; A Review

Abstract

Hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) is a complex biological substance primarily composed of water, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, salts, enzymes, hormones, growth factors, immune modulators, and other bioactive molecules. Within HCF, antigens such as antigen B (AgB) and antigen 5 family members (Ag5) have been identified. These antigens have been found to possess the ability to hinder the progression of cancer. Although the exact mechanisms by which these components inhibit cancer progression are not fully understood; it is believed that they may impact various signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In vitro studies have demonstrated that treatment with HCF or specific antigens can impede cell growth, induce apoptosis, and suppress the migration of cancer cells. Animal model studies have also shown significant inhibition of tumor growth, reduction in angiogenesis, and suppression of metastasis. Although limited, clinical studies have displayed promising outcomes, including improved overall survival and reduced recurrence rates among breast cancer patients who received AgB immunotherapy alongside standard treatment. This study attempts to offer a thorough synopsis of research exploring the possible anti-cancer capabilities of HCF and related HFAs.