MicroRNA and Exosome in Retinal-related Diseases: Their Roles in the Pathogenesis and Diagnosis

Abstract

Abstract:: The precise and exquisite architecture of the retina is directly related to vision. Therefore, any mechanisms which are associated with disruption of retinal structure could affect on quality of vision. A large number studies indicated that several cellular and molecular processes involved in retina pathogenesis. Among different risk factors which are reported as important players in the retina diseases, deregulation of epigenetic contributors, have critical roles in the pathogenesis of these diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small non-coding RNAs that involved in various signaling pathways involved in the retina diseases. These molecules exert their function though targeting a sequence of cellular and molecular signals. Long-non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs are other non-coding RNAs which can exert their regulatory roles via miRNA sponging. In this regard, it has been showed that miRNA sponging could modulate a variety of pathways in retinal diseases. Besides miRNAs, exosomes are other players in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases. Exosomes are biological vectors which could carry their cargos to recipient cells. The cargos of exosomes (i.e., proteins, lncRNAs, miRNAs, and fragments of DNA) enable to change behaviors of host cells. Here, we summarized the roles of miRNAs, miRNAs sponging and exosomes in the pathogenesis of retinal diseases.