Affiliation:
1. Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, 17 km Stone, NH-2,
Mathura, Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
2. Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA
University, 17 km Stone, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road Mathura, Chaumuhan, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
Abstract
Abstract:
Heat stress impacts plant growth at all phases of development, although the particular
threshold for heat tolerance varies significantly across different developmental stages. During
seed germination, elevated temperatures can either impede or completely halt the process,
contingent upon the plant type and the severity of the stress. During advanced stages, high temperatures
can have a negative impact on photosynthesis, respiration, water balance, and membrane
integrity. Additionally, they can also influence the levels of hormones and primary and
secondary metabolites. In addition, during the growth and development of plants, there is an increased
expression of various heat shock proteins, as well as other proteins related to stress, and
the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These are significant plant responses to heat
stress. Plants employ several strategies to deal with heat stress, such as maintaining the stability
of their cell membranes, removing harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS), producing antioxidants,
accumulating and adjusting compatible solutes, activating mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) and calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK) cascades, and, crucially, signaling
through chaperones and activating transcription. These molecular-level systems boost the
ability of plants to flourish in heat stress. Potential genetic methods to enhance plant heat stress
resistance encompass old and modern molecular breeding techniques and transgenic approaches,
all of which rely on a comprehensive comprehension of these systems. Although several
plants exhibit enhanced heat tolerance through traditional breeding methods, the effectiveness
of genetic transformation techniques has been somewhat restricted. The latter results from the
current constraints in our understanding and access to genes that have known impacts on plant
heat stress tolerance. However, these challenges may be overcome in the future. Besides genetic
methods, crops' heat tolerance can be improved through the pre-treatment of plants with various
environmental challenges or the external application of osmoprotectants such as glycine
betaine and proline. Thermotolerance is achieved through an active process in which plants allocate
significant energy to maintain their structure and function to avoid damage induced by
heat stress. The practice of nanoparticles has been shown to upgrade both the standard and the
quantity of produce when crops are under heat stress. This review provides information on the
effects of heat stress on plants and explores the importance of nanoparticles, transgenics, and
genomic techniques in reducing the negative consequences of heat stress. Furthermore, it explores
how plants might adapt to heat stress by modifying their biochemical, physiological, and
molecular reactions.
Publisher
Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Cited by
1 articles.
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