Performance of Shallow Building Foundations under Infrequent Rainfall Patterns at Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

Objective: This research mainly emphasizes the sustainability of midrise buildings in the holy city of Al-Madinah under varying rainfall patterns. Background: Western Saudi Arabia is usually a dry region, and most of the buildings are designed considering unsaturated soil conditions. However, high-intensity unexpected rainfall events have been observed in recent times. This scenario alters the soil moisture conditions and exhibits a risk to the structural stability. Methods: In this study, Madinah Al-Munawara soil conditions are considered to analyse the isolated shallow foundation system. Finite element models are generated for dry and wet soil conditions by using the COMSOL Multiphysics program. The numerical analysis results indicate the possibility of higher settlements under saturated conditions. Simple 1-D experimental element model tests have also been conducted to analyze the effects of the moisture change on the pre-loaded shallow foundations. Results: The experimental results are qualitatively compared with numerical models to observe soil moisture's overall effects on the substructure. The research will contribute to the safety of existing structures and recommend parameters for future design projects. Conclusion: Shallow foundations on loose granular soils are vulnerable to moisture variations, and geotechnical conditions are critical to incorporate in the prospective design projects considering the changing climatic conditions.