An Intimate Alliance of DNA-Damage Response Network with Cell-Cycle Checkpoints Amid Events of Uncontrolled Cellular Proliferation: A Mini- Review

Abstract

There is close interdependence between cell survival, cell senescence, events of the cell cycle, apoptosis, malignancy development, and tumor responses to cancer treatment. Intensive studies and elaborate researches have been conducted on the functional aspects of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, apoptotic genes, and members guiding cell cycle regulation. These disquisitions have put forward the existence of a highly organized response pathway termed as a DNA-damage response network. The pathways detecting DNA damage and signaling are intensively linked to the events of cell-cycle arrest, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell senescence. DNA damage responses are complex systems that incorporate specific “sensor” and “transducer” proteins, for assessment of damage and signal transmission, respectively. These signals are thereafter relayed upon various “effector” proteins involved in different cellular pathways. It may include those governing cell-cycle checkpoints, participating in DNA repair, cell senescence, and apoptosis. This review discusses the role of the tumour suppressor gene, oncogenes, cell cycle checkpoint regulators during DNA damage response and regulation.