Measures to Counter Fatigue Failure in Railway Axles

Abstract

This paper reviews the experience in London Transport of fatigue cracking in railway axles, and presents the results of laboratory fatigue tests on full-scale axle specimens under simulated rotating bending. The investigation was undertaken with the aim of entirely eliminating fatigue cracking and fretting under the press fits of wheel-axle sets. Whilst cold rolling of wheel seats, which is standard L.T. practice, strongly inhibits the propagation of such fatigue cracks, it does not prevent their initiation. The introduction of a stress-relieving groove, such that the edge of the press fit overhangs the groove, leads to a marked reduction in fretting and increase in life of test specimens, and the results of a limited service test suggest that the presence of such a groove reduces the stresses under the wheel hubs to a level at which cracking is eliminated. Since the presence of a press fit near to a groove increases the stress level at the root of the groove it is desirable to cold-roll the grooves, and a suitable rolling technique employing three rollers of slightly different profile radii has been developed.