Emerging treatment modalities for the management of diabetes mellitus: A review

Abstract

This narrative review focussed on Diabetes which has emerged as a significant public health problem after cardiovascular diseases and the sixth leading cause of mortality worldwide. India faces a massive burden of Diabetes, which parallels a similar rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome. (Diabetes mellitus currently had a global prevalence of 6.4%, aged 20-79 years in 2010). Diabetes prevalence among adults over 18 years has increased from 4.7%in 1980 to 8.5 % in 2014 (WHO) and is estimated to be 10.2% by 2030 (IDF). India has the second-largest number of diabetics (about a 61million, i.e., the prevalence of 8.8% and about 77 million, i.e., majority of 8.9%).The number is likely to increase to 101 million (prevalence of 9.9%) by 2030. These rising figures are primarily due to marked transitions leading to unhealthy diets and physical inactivity. That causes problems like retinopathy, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Diabetes is the most common progressive heterogeneous endocrine disorder with devastating multi-systemic complications characterized by altered glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Diabetes is principally divided into two types Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Again, DM is of 2 types — Type 1(Juvenile/Insulin-dependent) and Type-2 (Insulin resistance). Type1-DM is prevalent in the young population, associated with a lack of insulin production due to auto-immune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas. In contrast, Type2-DM is due to the inability of cells/tissues to respond to insulin appropriately. Long-term chronic hyperglycemia leads to organ dysfunction leads to organ failure, especially kidney, eyes, heart, and blood vessels.