An updated review on diabetes mellitus: Exploring its etiology, pathophysiology, complications and treatment approach

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder, encompasses types like Type 1 (T1DM), Type 2 (T2DM), and gestational diabetes, marked by elevated blood sugar levels. T1DM, an autoimmune disease, entails genetic susceptibility triggering pancreatic beta cell destruction, necessitating insulin replacement. T2DM, linked to metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, is influenced by genetics, obesity, inactivity, and ethnicity. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) in pregnancy elevates offspring obesity and T2DM risk. Diagnosis involves fasting glucose, oral glucose tolerance, HbA1c tests, and specific antibody assessments. Chronic complications include atherosclerosis, retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and osmotic cell death, emphasizing glycaemic control. Treatment strategies differ, with T1DM requiring insulin therapy and T2DM involving lifestyle changes, medication, and potential insulin use, underscoring the need to understand diabetes for effective management and improved quality of life.