Immunotherapeutics: Advancing precision medicine in cancer treatment

Abstract

Immunotherapy, also known as biologic therapy or biotherapy, is a medical treatment that utilizes the immune system to combat diseases, including cancer. Over the past few decades, immunotherapy has emerged as an integral part of cancer treatment, with various approaches being explored. This article provides an overview of immunotherapy, its mechanisms of action, and the different types of immunomodulators involved. Activation immunotherapies aim to enhance the immune response, such as cancer vaccines and cellular therapies, while suppression immunotherapies work to reduce or suppress immune activity. The article also discusses the different types of immunotherapies, including cell-based immunotherapies, immunomodulators, vaccines, antibody-based targeted therapies, and oncolytic viruses. Additionally, it highlights the characteristics of an ideal immunomodulator and the limitations associated with these therapies. Monoclonal antibodies, both naked and conjugated, are explored as a specific type of immunotherapy, with examples of their use in treating various cancers. Furthermore, the article touches upon the classification and uses of immunosuppressive agents, particularly in organ transplantation, along with their adverse effects. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive overview of immunotherapy and its diverse applications in disease treatment.