Epigenetics in migraine: A review

Abstract

Genetic diseases are not only caused by direct mutations in "genes," but also consequences of heritable change other than mutation referred to as epigenetics and the science called epigenomics. In the present study, we aimed to review epigenetics, where we covered a quick overview of epigenetics, diseases that are caused by epigenetic modification, epigenetic as risk factors linked with migraine a cause leads to the neurodegenerative condition, and most accepted mechanisms of epigenetics. A structured research article and review of the literature was searched in the electronic databases of Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, and Elsevier until Nov 2022 using multiple keywords. Aberrant DNA methylation pattern including hypermethylation in genes such as SLC6A5, SLC2A9, and SLC38A4, , DOCK6, COMT, GIT2, ZNF234, SOCS1. EZH2, a DNMTs enzyme is generally associated with the downregulation of gene expression but in the case of microglial, it is responsible for the upregulation of various genes including TRAF3IP2, BCL2L11, ITGAM, DAB2, NLRP12, WNT3, ADAM10. Increased expression of miRNAs such as miR-34a-5p, miR-29c-5p, miR-382-5p, miR-155, miR-126, Let-7g, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-375. Migraine is not only caused by non-genetic factors/ environmental factors or by brain structural alterations or genetic variations but also by alteration in epigenetics and their interaction too with other elements.