BUKHARA KHANATE DURING THE ASTRAKHANIDS AND MANGITS (1599-1920) ITS SOURCES AND POLITICAL HISTORY IN GENERAL LINES

Abstract

ABSTRACT The Khanate of Bukhara was founded in 1500 in Transoxiana by Mohammed Shaybani, a descendant of Shiban, one of the sons of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Cuci, and continued to exist until 1920 with dynastic changes. The dominance, which started with the Shaybanids (Abu'l-Hayrlılar) in 1500, was continued from 1599 to 1785 by the Astrakhanids (Canoğulları, Tokay Timurids) who were descendants of Tokay Timur, who was also one of the sons of Cuci. The question of who was the first ruler of the Astrakhanid period, as well as the date of the beginning of the dynasty, is in question. As a result of the struggle for the throne in the Astrakhanid period, the help requested from the Mughal ruler, the wars with the Khwarezm Khanate and internal conflicts prepared the environment for the unstoppable rise of the Mangit dynasty. The fact that Nadir Shah took advantage of the authority vacuum and made Iranian dominance felt in Turkestan also coincides with this dynasty. This Iranian occupation has completely changed the internal political balance not only in Bukhara but also in the Turkestan khanates. After the death of Nadir Shah, the Astrakhanid dynasty came to an end in Bukhara and was replaced by the Mangit dynasty. The Mangit dynasty ruled over the Bukhara Khanate from 1785 to 1920. The period of Mangıts generally passed with efforts to establish authority over other Turkestan khanates, to ensure political stability and to establish a policy of balance with Russia. However, this danger gained seriousness for the Bukhara Khanate as the Russian Tsardom began to occupy the Turkestan khanates. In these years, when Turkestan was under the influence of the British and Russian rivalries, the Bukhara Khanate took an attitude in favor of Russia. In this period, the jadid movement led by Kazan and Crimean Tatars began to make itself felt in Turkestan, and the khanate was divided into two socially and culturally. The conflicts between the supporters of innovation belonging to the Jadid movement and the opponents who supported the continuation of the traditional structure also played an important role in the political life of the khanate. As the Russian railways began to extend into Turkestan, inevitable invasions followed each other, and the Bukhara Khanate was occupied by the Russians during the Mangits period. Although the Bukhara Khanate gained its independence in 1918-1920 with the collapse of the Russian Tsardom, this situation did not last long. The effects of the civil war between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks during the First World War had an important share on the existence of the khanate. The ideas presented by the Bolshevik movement also influenced the intelligentsia in Bukhara, but these ideas, which the Bukhara jadids found reliable, caused the khanate to be occupied by the Bolsheviks, and their political results were not exactly as they had predicted. After Alim Khan, who was defeated by the Soviet army and had to leave the khanate in 1920, the khanate passed under the control of the Soviets. Cultural and social changes were effective in the transition process of the Khanate to Soviet domination. In the study, these changes were examined through the activities of the pro-innovation staff on this subject. The khanate, which was renamed the Bukhara Soviet Socialist Republic in 1923 as a result of the administrative restructuring in the Soviet Union, was completely abolished politically in 1924. While examining the political aspect of the period of the Bukhara Khanate under the rule of Astrakhanids and Mangits, it also aims to introduce the period sources and current sources related to this period.