Transferring Causal Mechanism over Meta-representations for Target-Unknown Cross-domain Recommendation

Abstract

Tackling the pervasive issue of data sparsity in recommender systems, we present an insightful investigation into the burgeoning area of non-overlapping cross-domain recommendation, a technique that facilitates the transfer of interaction knowledge across domains without necessitating inter-domain user/item correspondence. Existing approaches have predominantly depended on auxiliary information, such as user reviews and item tags, to establish inter-domain connectivity, but these resources may become inaccessible due to privacy and commercial constraints. To address these limitations, our study introduces an in-depth exploration of Target-unknown Cross-domain Recommendation (CDR), which contends with the distinct challenge of lacking target domain information during the training phase in the source domain. We illustrate two critical obstacles inherent to Target-unknown CDR: the lack of an inter-domain bridge due to insufficient user/item correspondence or side information and the potential pitfalls of source-domain training biases when confronting distribution shifts across domains. To surmount these obstacles, we propose the CMCDR framework, a novel approach that leverages causal mechanisms extracted from meta-user/item representations. The CMCDR framework employs a vector-quantized encoder–decoder architecture, enabling the disentanglement of user/item characteristics. We posit that domain-transferable knowledge is more readily discernible from user/item characteristics, i.e., the meta-representations, rather than raw users and items. Capitalizing on these meta-representations, our CMCDR framework adeptly incorporates an attention-driven predictor that approximates the front-door adjustment method grounded in causal theory. This cutting-edge strategy effectively mitigates source-domain training biases and enhances generalization capabilities against distribution shifts. Extensive experiments demonstrate the empirical effectiveness and the rationality of CMCDR for target-unknown cross-domain recommendation.