Abstract
A holistic and dynamic approach
is necessary to understand complex systems behaviour, where a single structural approch is too reductionist. Because Information systems present multiple interactions between hardware, software, and users,
risk is inside systems
, in the form of faults, and
outside systems
, when exposed to agents, directly or interconnected with networks. Thus, very few systems are completely free of risk; most of them are close to the limit, regarding certain risks.
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
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