Applying Bayesian Analysis Guidelines to Empirical Software Engineering Data: The Case of Programming Languages and Code Quality

Abstract

Statistical analysis is the tool of choice to turn data into information and then information into empirical knowledge. However, the process that goes from data to knowledge is long, uncertain, and riddled with pitfalls. To be valid, it should be supported by detailed, rigorous guidelines that help ferret out issues with the data or model and lead to qualified results that strike a reasonable balance between generality and practical relevance. Such guidelines are being developed by statisticians to support the latest techniques for Bayesian data analysis. In this article, we frame these guidelines in a way that is apt to empirical research in software engineering. To demonstrate the guidelines in practice, we apply them to reanalyze a GitHub dataset about code quality in different programming languages. The dataset’s original analysis [Ray et al.  55 ] and a critical reanalysis [Berger et al.  6 ] have attracted considerable attention—in no small part because they target a topic (the impact of different programming languages) on which strong opinions abound. The goals of our reanalysis are largely orthogonal to this previous work, as we are concerned with demonstrating, on data in an interesting domain, how to build a principled Bayesian data analysis and to showcase its benefits. In the process, we will also shed light on some critical aspects of the analyzed data and of the relationship between programming languages and code quality—such as the impact of project-specific characteristics other than the used programming language. The high-level conclusions of our exercise will be that Bayesian statistical techniques can be applied to analyze software engineering data in a way that is principled, flexible, and leads to convincing results that inform the state-of-the-art while highlighting the boundaries of its validity. The guidelines can support building solid statistical analyses and connecting their results. Thus, they can help buttress continued progress in empirical software engineering research.