1. L.J. West Acquisition of Typewriting-Skills Pitman Publishing Corp. 1969. L.J. West Acquisition of Typewriting-Skills Pitman Publishing Corp. 1969.
2. R.N. Current The Typewriter and The-Men Who Made It The University of Illinois Press 1954. R.N. Current The Typewriter and The-Men Who Made It The University of Illinois Press 1954.
3. W.A. Beeching Century of the Typewriter St. Martin's Press 1974. W.A. Beeching Century of the Typewriter St. Martin's Press 1974.
4. A Historical Study of Typewriters and Typing Methods: from the Position of Planning Japanese Patallels;Yamada-Hisao;Journal of Information Processing,1980