1. Continuation-passing, closure-passing style
2. Formally verified speculation and deoptimization in a JIT compiler
3. Threaded code
4. Indirect threaded code
5. Etienne M. Gagnon and Laurie J. Hendren. 2001 . SableVM: A Research Framework for the Efficient Execution of Java Bytecode. In Java (TM) Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium (JVM 01) . USENIX Association, Monterey, CA. https://www.usenix.org/conference/jvm-01/sablevm-research-framework-efficient-execution-java-bytecode Etienne M. Gagnon and Laurie J. Hendren. 2001. SableVM: A Research Framework for the Efficient Execution of Java Bytecode. In Java (TM) Virtual Machine Research and Technology Symposium (JVM 01). USENIX Association, Monterey, CA. https://www.usenix.org/conference/jvm-01/sablevm-research-framework-efficient-execution-java-bytecode