Continuous profiling

Author:

Anderson Jennifer M.1,Berc Lance M.1,Dean Jeffrey1,Ghemawat Sanjay1,Henzinger Monika R.1,Leung Shun-Tak A.2,Sites Richard L.2,Vandevoorde Mark T.2,Waldspurger Carl A.2,Weihl William E.2

Affiliation:

1. Digital Equipment Corp., Palo Alto, CA

2. Digital Equipment Corporation, Palo Alto, CA

Abstract

This article describes the Digital Continuous Profiling Infrastructure, a sampling-based profiling system designed to run continuously on production systems. The system supports multiprocessors, works on unmodified executables, and collects profiles for entire systems, including user programs, shared libraries, and the operating system kernel. Samples are collected at a high rate (over 5200 samples/sec. per 333MHz processor), yet with low overhead (1–3% slowdown for most workloads). Analysis tools supplied with the profiling system use the sample data to produce a precise and accurate accounting, down to the level of pipeline stalls incurred by individual instructions, of where time is bring spent. When instructions incur stalls, the tools identify possible reasons, such as cache misses, branch mispredictions, and functional unit contention. The fine-grained instruction-level analysis guides users and automated optimizers to the causes of performance problems and provides important insights for fixing them.

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

Subject

General Computer Science

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