Effects of UV radiation on human skin and its microbiota: a review on microbial UV sunscreens

Abstract

Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the culprit for molecular and genetic changes that occur to the skin. This effect can be direct or indirect through the generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals. So, it is important to find potential molecules that can reduce both effects. In this review, we explored the contributions of microbial-originated UV sunscreens, particularly by mycosporines and mycosporines-like amino acids (MAA). These natural molecules are capable UV ray absorbers and antioxidant health protectors, given that they are eco-friendly, have strong photostability and are non-toxic. Furthermore, microorganisms are known for producing their compounds to survive harsh environments which in turn is beneficial to humans too. The reason behind it is the reduction of production cost as it has a simple growth culture and useful genetic manipulation. Thus, the knowledge regarding the synthesis pathway and therapeutic advantages of mycosporines of microbial origin is essential to be improved. Currently, only mycosporines production of marine life have been investigated, the remaining are unclear. We aimed to search more into the impacts of UV radiation on human skin and its microbiota and the microbial-based approaches to counter UV-induced damages.