Fatal pulmonary infection by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant Nocardia otitidiscaviarum: report of two cases and review

Abstract

Introduction: Nocardia otitidiscaviarum is a rare cause of human infections, mostly causing cutaneous and lymphocutaneous infections of mild severity. We report two cases of fatal pulmonary infection caused by Nocardia otitidiscaviarum in elderly patients. Methodology: Case 1: A 70-year old woman presented with fever and cough with expectoration for a month. On physical examination, she had tachypnea and inspiratory crepitations in bilateral basal regions. Case 2: A 74-year old man presented with productive cough with foul smelling expectoration, fever and shortness of breath for one week. On examination, he had tachypnea, bilateral wheezing and inspiratory crepitations. In both cases, sputum was sent to microbiology laboratory. On direct microscopy Gram-positive, finely branching filaments were observed which were acid fast with 1% sulphuric acid. Chalky white opaque wrinkled colonies with musty basement type odour were seen on blood agar. Both patients were treated empirically with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for Nocardia infection after notification of microscopy findings however both expired on Day 2 and Day 5 of admission, respectively. Both isolates were susceptible to amikacin, linezolid, ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. They were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, erythromycin, and imipenem. Based on biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, the organism was identified as Nocardia otitidiscaviarum. The identification was confirmed using MALDI-TOF (Vitek MS, Biomerieux, France). Conclusion: Our report highlights the importance of early identification of Nocardia to species level to improve treatment outcomes especially in critically ill patients. Mass spectrometry can become an integral part of diagnostic algorithms for nocardiosis.