1. Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn are the most famous examples of “bad boys,” who emerged in American literature during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Other examples are found in Thomas Bailey Aldrich’s The Story of a Bad Boy (1870), James Otis Kaler’s Ten Weeks with a Circus (1877), and Booth Tarkington’s Penrod (1913). In the opening of Aldrich’s memoir, he explains that he was “not a cherub. I may truthfully say I was an amiable, impulsive lad, blessed with fine digestive powers, and no hypocrite. I did not want to be an angel and with the angels stand. In short, I was a real human boy.” Thomas Bailey Aldrich, quoted in Jerry Griswold, Audacious Kids: Coming of Age in America’s Classic Children’s Books (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 147. Some might also include Horatio Alger’s Dick from Ragged Dick, but others, such as children’s literature scholar Kenneth Kidd, suggest that Dick is too well behaved to join this group of “bad boys.” Kenneth B. Kidd, Making American Boys: Boyology and the Feral Tale (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004), 99.