1. See, for example, the introduction to Clare A. Lees (ed.), Medieval Masculinities: Regarding Men in the Middle Ages (Minneapolis, 1994), pp. xv–xxv.
2. See Odo of Cluny, Vita s. Geraldi Comitis Aurillac, PL 133, 1. 8, cols 646–7; 1. 9, cols 647–9; 1. 34, cols 662–3.
3. A useful discussion of the tension between the cloister and the world is found in Stuart Airlie, “The anxiety of sanctity: St Gerald of Aurillac and his maker,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 43 (1992), 372–95.
4. The tensions between the twin pillars of secular masculinity and religious values have been explored, for an earlier period, in J. L. Nelson, “Monks, secular men and masculinity, c.900,” in D. M. Hadley (ed.), Masculinity in Medieval Europe (London, 1999), pp. 121–42.
5. The process began c.1050 when married priests were prohibited from serving at the altar. It was extended and rendered more rigorous when the Second Lateran Council (1139) rejected the legitimacy of clerical marriage. Nevertheless, clerics continued to form enduring domestic relationships with women well into the thirteenth century. See the important work by Anne Llewellyn Barstow, Married Priests and the Reforming Papacy: The Eleventh-Century Debates (Lewiston, NY, 1982). The masculinity of secular clergy at the end of the Middle Ages is discussed in P. H. Cullum, “Clergy, masculinity and transgression in late medieval England,” in Hadley (ed.), Masculinity in Medieval Europe, pp. 178–96.