1. “Joe Truman Killed by Unknown Hand,” Welland Tribune, 19 December 1922; “Truman Killed in Second Attempt to ‘Get’ Him,” Welland Tribune, 21 December 1922; “Threatened Clean-Up? Or a Canard,” Welland Tribune, 22 December 1922; “Death of Officer Remains Mystery,” Globe, 21 December 1922.
2. “’I Will Do to Them What I Did to the Policeman in Thorold’,” Welland Tribune, 9 October 1924; “Gun Expert Gives Strong Evidence against Trott,” Welland Tribune, 13 November 1924.
3. Angus McLaren, Our Own Master Race: Eugenics in Canada, 1885–1945 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990); Mariana Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap and Water (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991); Thomas Thorner and Neil B. Watson, “Keepers of the King’s Peace: Colonel G.F. Sanders and the Calgary Police Magistrate’s Court, 1911–1932,” Urban History Review 12, no. 3 (1984): 45–55.
4. See, for example, Lesley Erickson, “Murdered Women and Mythic Villains: The Criminal Case and the Imaginary Criminal in the Canadian West, 1886–1930,” in People and Place: Historical Influences on Legal Culture, ed. Jonathan Swainger and Constance Backhouse (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2003), 95–119; Michael S. Boudreau, City of Order: Crime and Society in Halifax (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2012); Kurt Korneski, Race, Nation and Reform Ideology in Winnipeg, 1880–1920 (Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2015), especially for the meaning of “Britishness” in the early twentieth century and the significance of this concept for members of “lesser races.”
5. Peter Way, "Evil Humors and Ardent Spirits: The Rough Culture of Canal Construction Laborers," Journal of American History 79, no. 4 (1993): 1397-1428