1. A very early draft of this article was presented in August 2011, at the
Northern Atlantic Connection Conference Canada and the Nordic Countries
at Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. A much more up-to-date version
was presented at the Urban History Association Conference held at Loyola
University in Chicago, in October 2016,
2. Robert Robson, "Manitoba's Resource Towns: The Twentieth-Century Frontier," Manitoba History 16 (Autumn 1988): 1-2
3. Norman E.P. Pressman and Kathleen Lauder, "Resource Towns as New Towns," Urban History Review 1 (June 1978): 79-95.
4. Similar observations have been made about Fort McMurray, the centre of Alberta’s Tar Sands development. However, Fort McMurray had already been established as a trading and transportation centre long before the serious development of the oil industry in the 1960s. Arthur Krim, “Fort McMurray: Future City of the Far North,” Geographical Review 93, no. 2 (2003): 258–66.
5. Pierre Berton, Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896–1899 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972), 46–8, 280–309; Charlene L. Porsild, “Culture, Class and Community: New Perspectives on the Klondike Gold Rush, 1896–1905,” PhD diss., Carleton University, 1994; Robson, “Manitoba’s Resource Towns,” 1–10.