Affiliation:
1. 1College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
2. 2Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a well-established risk factor for several diseases, including cancer. It influences tumor cell biology and the type and density of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), promoting cancer development. While proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines modulate cancer development, emerging evidence has shown that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a known mediator connecting chronic inflammation to cancerization. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of how the elevation of PGE2 production promotes gastrointestinal cancer initiation, progression, invasion, metastasis, and recurrence, including modulation of immune checkpoint signaling and the type and density of immune cells in the tumor/tissue microenvironment.
Funder
Medical University of South Carolina
Publisher
American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Cited by
15 articles.
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