Targeting the Metabolic Enzyme PGAM2 Overcomes Enzalutamide Resistance in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer by Inhibiting BCL2 Signaling

Abstract

Abstract The next-generation androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor enzalutamide is the mainstay treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. Unfortunately, resistance occurs rapidly in most patients, and once resistance occurs, treatment options are limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective targets to overcome enzalutamide resistance. Here, using a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 library screen, we found that targeting a glycolytic enzyme, phosphoglycerate mutase PGAM2, significantly enhanced the sensitivity of enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer cells to enzalutamide both in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of PGAM2 together with enzalutamide treatment triggered apoptosis by decreasing levels of the antiapoptotic protein BCL-xL and increasing activity of the proapoptotic protein BAD. Mechanistically, PGAM2 bound to 14–3-3ζ and promoted its interaction with phosphorylated BAD, resulting in activation of BCL-xL and subsequent resistance to enzalutamide-induced apoptosis. In addition, high PGAM2 expression, which is transcriptionally regulated by AR, was associated with shorter survival and rapid development of enzalutamide resistance in patients with prostate cancer. Together, these findings provide evidence of a nonmetabolic function of PGAM2 in promoting enzalutamide resistance and identify PGAM2 inhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy for enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. Significance: PGAM2 promotes resistance to enzalutamide by activating antiapoptotic BCL-xL and suppressing apoptosis, indicating that PGAM2 is a potential target for overcoming enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer.