Targeted Single-cell Isolation of Spontaneously Escaping Live Melanoma Cells for Comparative Transcriptomics

Abstract

Solid cancer cells escape the primary tumor mass by transitioning from an epithelial-like state to an invasive migratory state. As they escape, metastatic cancer cells employ interchangeable modes of invasion, transitioning between fibroblast-like mesenchymal movement to amoeboid migration, where cells display a rounded morphology and navigate the extracellular matrix in a protease-independent manner. However, the gene transcripts that orchestrate the switch between epithelial, mesenchymal, and amoeboid states remain incompletely mapped, mainly due to a lack of methodologies that allow the direct comparison of the transcriptomes of spontaneously invasive cancer cells in distinct migratory states. Here, we report a novel single-cell isolation technique that provides detailed three-dimensional data on melanoma growth and invasion, and enables the isolation of live, spontaneously invasive cancer cells with distinct morphologies and invasion parameters. Via the expression of a photoconvertible fluorescent protein, compact epithelial-like cells at the periphery of a melanoma mass, elongated cells in the process of leaving the mass, and rounded amoeboid cells invading away from the mass were tagged, isolated, and subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing. A total of 462 differentially expressed genes were identified, from which two candidate proteins were selected for further pharmacologic perturbation, yielding striking effects on tumor escape and invasion, in line with the predictions from the transcriptomics data. This work describes a novel, adaptable, and readily implementable method for the analysis of the earliest phases of tumor escape and metastasis, and its application to the identification of genes underpinning the invasiveness of malignant melanoma. Significance: This work describes a readily implementable method that allows for the isolation of individual live tumor cells of interest for downstream analyses, and provides the single-cell transcriptomes of melanoma cells at distinct invasive states, both of which open avenues for in-depth investigations into the transcriptional regulation of the earliest phases of metastasis.