Neuropathology of the Olfactory Mucosa in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Abstract

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex heterogeneous inflammatory disease that affects the nasal cavity, but the pathological examination of the olfactory mucosa (OM) in this disease has been limited. Methods Nasal biopsy specimens were obtained from 20 control subjects and 50 CRS patients in conjunction with clinical assessments. Histopathology of these nasal biopsy specimens was performed and immunohistochemistry was used to characterize nonneuronal, neuronal, and inflammatory cells in the OM. These OM characteristics were then evaluated to determine the degree to which pathological features may be related to smell loss in CRS. Results Histopathological examination of control and CRS OM revealed changes in the normal pseudostratified olfactory epithelium (OE): intermixing of goblet cells, metaplasia to squamous-like cells, and erosion of the OE. Lower percentages of normal epithelium and olfactory sensory neurons were found in CRS OE compared with controls. Relative to other CRS patients, those with anosmia had the greatest amount of OE erosion, the highest density of eosinophils infiltrating the OE, and exhibited the most extensive abnormalities on CT and endoscopic examination, including being significantly more likely to exhibit nasal polyposis. Conclusion Our results suggest that OM pathology observed in nasal biopsy specimens can assist in understanding the degree of epithelial change and sensorineural damage in CRS and the potential for olfactory loss.