1. Department of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research (IEOR), Columbia University, New York City, NY.
2. Gu and Elsisi served as co-first authors and contributed equally to the work.
3. The Comparative Health Outcomes, Policy, and Economics (CHOICE) Institute, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle.
4. Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville.
5. Center for the Evaluation of Value and Risk in Health, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA.