PENGARUH TATA RUANG PADA PENGHAWAAN ALAMI RUMAH VERNAKULAR MELAYU PONTIANAK

Abstract

Arsitektur vernakular adalah arsitektur yang memiliki respon yang baik terhadap iklim setempat. Hal ini juga berpengaruh terhadap kenyamanan termal dalam bangunan. Sebagai kota yang memiliki iklim tropis lembab, kenyamanan termal bangunan di Kota Pontianak banyak ditentukan oleh pergerakan angin yang terjadi di dalam bangunan. Adaptasi terhadap iklim pada rumah vernakular melayu Pontianak tidak hanya pada penggunaan elemen bangunan seperti bukaan dan bahan bangunan, juga pada tata ruang yang khas, di antaranya terdapat teras, ruang tengah serta pelataran belakang yang memisahkan rumah induk dengan rumah anak. Tujuan penelitian adalah melihat apakah tata ruang ini berpengaruh terhadap penghawaan alami di ruang dalam. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pengukuran di lapangan terhadap variabel kenyamanan termal, terutama temperatur dan kelajuan angin. Kemudian hasil pengukuran dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif dan dilihat hubungan antara variabel dengan tata ruang, yaitu bagaimana temperatur dan kelajuan angin yang berbeda terjadi di setiap ruang, sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tata ruang di rumah vernakular melayu Pontianak, yaitu hadirnya teras dan pelataran belakang turut berperan dalam penghawaan alami yang terjadi di ruang dalam. Teras berperan dalam menurunkan temperatur luar yang masuk ke dalam bangunan (30,74 °C di ruang luar, lalu 29,84 °C di teras depan, dan 29,09 °C di ruang dalam). Pelataran belakang serta tata ruang dalam memberikan pergerakan angin yang lebih baik, ditunjukkan dengan selisih yang kecil antara kelajuan angin di ruang dalam dengan ruang luar pada rumah dengan pelataran belakang (0,51 m/s) dibandingkan dengan rumah tanpa pelataran belakang (0,77 m/s).Kata-kata Kunci: penghawaan alami, vernakular, tata ruangEFFECT OF SPACE LAYOUT TO NATURAL VENTILATION IN MELAYU PONTIANAK VERNACULAR HOUSEVernacular architecture is architecture that has good response to local climate. This also affects the thermal comfort in the building. As a city that has a humid tropical climate, the thermal comfort of buildings in Kota Pontianak is largely determined by the movement of the wind that occurs inside the building. Adaptation to climate in Pontianak's melayu vernacular house is not only on the use of building elements such as openings and building materials, but also on the typical spatial layout, including a terrace, a central room and a back veranda that separates the main house from the secondary house. The aim of the study was to see whether this spatial arrangement has an effect on natural ventilation in the indoor space. The study was conducted with measurements of thermal comfort variables, especially temperature and wind speed. Then the measurement results were analyzed descriptively quantitatively and viewed the relationship between variables and spatial arrangement – i.e. how the temperatures and wind speed differ in each rooms – so that conclusions could be drawn. The results showed that the layout in Pontianak's melayu vernacular house, namely the presence of terraces and back veranda, played a role in the natural ventilation that occurred in the indoor space. The terrace plays a role in reducing the outside temperature that enters the building (30.74 °C in the outdoor, then 29.84 °C on the front terrace, and 29.09 °C in the indoor). Back veranda and spatial layout provide better wind movement, indicated by small difference between the speed of wind in the indoor and the outdoor space of the house with back veranda (0.51 m/s) compared to the house without back veranda (0.77 m/s).Keywords: natural ventilation, vernacular, spatial layoutREFERENCESBoutet, Terry S. (1987) Controlling Air Movement: A Manual for Architects and Builders. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.Caesariadi, Tri Wibowo; Kalsum, Emilya (2011) Climatic Responsive Space in Melayu Pontianak House: A Preliminary Study. The CIB Inter-national Conference: Enhancing the Locality in Architecture, Housing and Urban Environment. January 22, 2011. Yogyakarta.Engin, N.; Vural, N.; Vural, S.; Sumerkan, M.R. 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